Manufacturing Data Hub — North America GTM
Rhize Market Takeover Playbook
A complete GTM strategy for capturing the manufacturing data hub market in North America
Company Snapshot
Rhize (legal entity: Libre Technologies, Inc.) is a Minneapolis-based startup that builds the data layer under manufacturing. Founded around 2019–2020 out of Spruik Technologies, a manufacturing IoT consultancy, rebranded as “Rhize” in October 2023. The product is a manufacturing data hub that sits between factory automation (PLCs, SCADA, historians) and enterprise applications (MES, ERP, QMS, AI tools), providing a single ISA-95-compliant, GraphQL-queryable data layer across every site. It does not replace any system — it contextualizes and federates what those systems produce. Named customers: Moderna, BlueScope, and Cartier.
HQMinneapolis, MN
Founded~2019–2020
Team Size~25 people
Funding$695K seed (Feb 2021)
ACV$250K/site/year
CEOKirt Anderson
CTOGeoff Nunan
Founder Quotes
Manufacturing data needs a new standard… data governance, availability, and scalability have been held back by heavily siloed, monolithic systems.
Kirt Anderson, CEO — Product Launch, Oct 2023
We’re the third option. We’re not complete off the shelf. We’re not a bespoke build.
Geoff Nunan, CTO
All of our customers have failed at least four or five times with big implementations. Companies go around in that circle time and time again, lose the team, lose knowledge, new people come in, start again.
Geoff Nunan, CTO — IT/OT Insider Podcast, Industrial DataOps #7
The Unique Mechanism
The ISA-95 Manufacturing Knowledge Graph
A living, queryable graph of how a manufacturing operation actually works, structured according to the ISA-95 standard that 92.9% of manufacturers already say they use (Jeff Winter Insights, March 2025) but almost none have implemented correctly. Rhize encodes the ISA-95 hierarchy as a graph database with a GraphQL API — any application, AI model, or analyst can query the full operational reality of a manufacturer in a single request, across every site, in real time.
1
Structural, not configurable.
Rhize enforces the ISA-95 schema from the start. Every deployment produces the same canonical structure, so a use case built at Plant 1 replicates to Plant 10 without rebuilding the schema. Ignition, Tulip, and custom builds do not provide this — every one produces a schema only that integrator understands.
2
Directly solves why AI pilots fail.
Gartner (Feb 2025): 60% of AI projects abandoned by 2026 because data is not ready. The reason manufacturing AI fails is OT data has no standard schema, no context, and no queryable API. The ISA-95 Knowledge Graph solves all three in a single deployment.
3
Competitors cannot claim this ground.
Siemens, Rockwell, and AVEVA sell proprietary OT stacks. If they acknowledged their stacks produce the fragmented, inaccessible data Gartner describes, they would be criticizing themselves. Only Rhize, as a hardware-agnostic open-source data hub, can use the Gartner framing as a positioning asset.
4
The 2025 ISA-95 standard update validates Rhize’s architecture.
ANSI/ISA-95.00.01-2025, issued April 2025, added support for containerized workloads, cloud-hybrid architectures, and data-centric systems. Rhize was already built for this model. The standard caught up to what Rhize built.
The Existential Data Point (EDP-3 — Winning Hook)
60%
Gartner: 60% of AI projects will be cancelled by 2026 because the data under them isn’t ready.
Gartner Newsroom, February 26, 2025 — “Lack of AI-Ready Data Puts AI Projects at Risk” —
gartner.com
This is not a warning about AI quality, model selection, or talent. Gartner specifically named the cause: inadequate data foundations. In manufacturing, these numbers are worse — the MIT NANDA report (July 2025, 300+ initiatives) found 95% of AI pilots failed to deliver measurable returns. The manufacturing AI success rate runs at 8–12%, versus 18–22% in financial services. Only 3% of companies have scaled even one AI use case in operations (McKinsey). The connection to Rhize is one sentence: the reason manufacturing data is not AI-ready is that OT data lives in six disconnected systems with incompatible schemas, no canonical data model, and no queryable API layer.
Urgency10
Universality8
Measurability8
Actionability9
Defensibility9
TOTAL44/50
North America Market Model
| Metric |
Figure |
Basis |
| Qualifying NA Accounts | 1,500 | Client brief, Census Bureau multi-unit company data, conservative floor |
| Contacts per Account | 5–10 | Multi-stakeholder design; buying committee of 6–10 per deal |
| Total Addressable Contacts (NA) | 7,500–15,000 | 1,500 × 5–10 |
| ACV per Site | $250,000 | Client brief (not public pricing) |
| Average Sites per Deal | 3 | Conservative; multi-site customers often 5–10+ sites |
| Average ACV per Customer | $750,000 | 3 × $250K |
| At 5% Close Rate (75 accounts) | $56.3M ARR | 75 × $750K |
| At 10% Close Rate (150 accounts) | $112.5M ARR | 150 × $750K |
Europe Secondary Market: European multi-site manufacturers in qualifying verticals represent roughly 60–80% of the North American market in addressable account count (conservative: 900–1,200 qualifying accounts). CSRD, NIS2, and EU Data Act create additional regulatory urgency not present in NA. Realistic 18-month ARR target from Segments 1+2 alone: $8–12M ARR from 15–30 enterprise closes at $400–600K average ACV.
Segment-Level ARR Potential (North America)
| Segment | Score | ARR Potential | Priority |
| AI-Mandate Manufacturers | 93/100 | $29.9M | WAVE 1 LEAD |
| Compliance-Forced Modernizers (Pharma + F&B) | 88/100 | $28.7M | WAVE 1 CONCURRENT |
| Greenfield Builders (Reshoring) | 76/100 | $12.2M | SIGNAL-TRIGGERED |
| Multi-Site Operational Intelligence Seekers | 72/100 | $21.0M | WAVE 2 |
| Vendor-Lock Escapees (AVEVA + Rockwell) | 61/100 | $7.2M | SPECIALIZED |
Segment Deep Dives
Top Pain Points
- Board AI commitment they cannot deliver — 61% of CEOs say boards are rushing AI faster than feasible (BCG, 2026)
- Failed pilot with no explanation — 95% of AI pilots fail to deliver measurable returns (MIT NANDA, 2025)
- The replication wall — 74% couldn’t scale Industry 4.0 past the pilot (McKinsey)
- Data quality tax — data scientists spend 80% of time cleaning data instead of building models
- Vendor lock-in trap — AVEVA acquired by Schneider ($4.4B), Plex by Rockwell ($2.22B)
Buying Signals
AI/ML job postings open 6+ months • Recent Databricks/Azure AI/Palantir investment without data platform announcement • New CDO hired in last 12 months • LinkedIn content about data quality or IT/OT integration challenges
Top Pain Points
- Two compliance deadlines — FDA extended FSMA 204 to July 2028, major retailers did not
- Four-hour lot trace — currently takes 2–4 hours of manual work per trace
- Data integrity under FDA scrutiny — 695 warning letters in 2025, 73% increase H2 2025
- Compliance + AI infrastructure built twice — same foundation needed for both
- Audit response that requires a team — multi-person, multi-day extraction effort
Buying Signals
FSMA compliance / DSCSA coordinator / GxP data manager job postings • Recent FDA warning letters or 483 observations • Walmart/Kroger supplier mandate communications • GS1 Connect or Food Safety Summit attendance
Top Pain Points
- Invisible performance gaps — industry average OEE is 66.8% (LNS Research), world-class is 85%+
- Standardization impossibility — different automation vendors, historians, MES versions at every site
- Board AI pressure without data foundation — they don’t have a failed pilot yet, they’re about to
- 800+ hours of unplanned downtime/year at $260K/hour average (Aberdeen Research)
Buying Signals
Recent CapEx for plant expansions or acquisitions • Manufacturing data analyst or OEE analyst postings • Post-acquisition integration activity • Cross-plant benchmarking content from ops leaders
Top Pain Points
- No legacy to rip out but 20 years of technical debt ahead if wrong choice made now
- $200B+ in announced US reshoring manufacturing investment in 2025
- Sales efficiency factor of 1.5x — highest of all segments
- Window to win is narrow: 3–6 months during facility design phase
Buying Signals
CHIPS Act grant recipients (public list) • Announced plant construction in IndustryWeek / Manufacturing Dive • OT architect / smart factory lead postings at companies with no manufacturing presence • State economic development announcements
⚠
Below the Line: ESG-Only Mandated Manufacturers 48/100 — HOLD
Scores too low to justify dedicated campaign budget at this stage. Core problem is sales motion complexity: Rhize must close two separate buying committees (IT/OT and sustainability) that historically do not collaborate. The ESG buyer often wants a point solution rather than a full data platform. 7% conversion rate and 0.8 sales efficiency make this an inefficient use of early-stage campaign resources. Reassess when Rhize has a formal ESG/CSRD reporting module.
Click any competitor to expand the battlecard. Includes their real strength, structural weakness, Rhize’s angle, and the exact talk track.
Their Strength
Most widely deployed operational historian in the world. 20,000+ sites. 38 of Global Fortune Top 40 oil and gas companies. Thirty years of operational data for some customers. Brand synonymous with OT data in heavy industry.
Structural Weakness
Architected for storing data, not making it AI-ready. Joining PI data with work order + quality data in real time, across ten sites, via an API data scientists can use, is not what PI was designed to do. Schneider Electric acquired AVEVA for £9.5B and shifted customers from perpetual licenses to opaque “Flex Credits.” Data is inside a proprietary database customers don’t fully control.
When You Hear:
“We’ve been on PI for fifteen years. Everything runs through it. We can’t rip it out.”
What You Say:
Nobody is asking you to rip it out. Rhize federates PI data. We read from it, contextualize it in an ISA-95 graph, and make it accessible via GraphQL. Your PI installation stays. What changes is what you can do with the data downstream. AI models can query it. Your ERP can join against it. Your data science team gets a single API instead of a PI-specific SDK nobody outside OT knows how to use.
Their Strength
61% of Fortune 100 companies use it. 1,200+ certified integrators. Unlimited tags, unlimited clients, flat server-based license. Fast to deploy. Ignition won the SCADA and plant visualization market cleanly.
Structural Weakness
Does not ship with a built-in ISA-95 data model. Data model is whatever the integrator builds. Two Ignition deployments at two plants, built by different integrators, will have different schemas. You cannot build a cross-plant unified data layer on Ignition without building the standards layer yourself.
When You Hear:
“We already have Ignition everywhere. Why would we add another layer?”
What You Say:
Because Ignition solved connectivity, not data modeling. Right now your Ignition data at Plant A has a tag schema that Plant B doesn’t match. Your data scientists cannot query across plants without writing custom adapters. Rhize reads what Ignition collects and puts it into a canonical ISA-95 graph so downstream applications, AI models, and your ERP can use a single API. It is not a replacement for Ignition. It is what makes Ignition’s data useful at the enterprise level.
Their Strength
Rockwell is genuinely well-integrated with Allen-Bradley PLCs. SAP MES has bidirectional real-time data flow with SAP S/4HANA without middleware. Gartner-validated partner ecosystems.
Structural Weakness
Rockwell’s lock-in is the product architecture. Multi-vendor plants find FactoryTalk expensive and complex. SAP MES only creates value for SAP shops. Both are MES platforms, not manufacturing data hubs — they manage workflows, not federation.
When You Hear:
“We’re standardizing on Rockwell across all our plants” or “We’re an SAP shop, going with SAP MES.”
What You Say:
That works if every plant is already Rockwell hardware and will stay that way. What happens to the three lines running legacy Siemens? The historian data in PI System? The quality data in the QMS that isn’t Rockwell? FactoryTalk won’t federate those. SAP MES won’t federate those. Rhize federates everything, regardless of hardware vendor, ERP, or existing historian, into a single ISA-95 graph your AI models can query.
Their Strength
Tulip is a $1.3B unicorn with Mitsubishi Electric strategic partnership. 448% three-year Forrester ROI. Litmus has 250+ out-of-the-box connectors for industrial equipment — real differentiator in brownfield environments.
Structural Weakness
Tulip is a frontline app builder — no pre-built ISA-95 data model. Two Tulip deployments = two different schemas. Litmus collects and forwards data but doesn’t apply an ISA-95 schema. Litmus TCO 60–75% higher than alternatives over 3 years (MachineCDN).
When You Hear:
“We’re deploying Tulip across our plants” or “We already use Litmus for our connectivity layer.”
What You Say:
Tulip and Litmus both collect data. They do not contextualize it against the ISA-95 standard. That distinction matters the moment you try to compare data across plants, build AI models that need process context, or satisfy a compliance audit requiring a canonical data model. Rhize does not replace Tulip or Litmus. It sits at the data hub layer that both are missing.
Their Strength
$225M raised. $170M+ ARR in FY2025. 795 employees. IDC MarketScape Leader for Worldwide Industrial DataOps Platforms (March 2026). Knowledge graph-based industrial data model. Aker BP, BP, Saudi Aramco are live customers. Closest structural competitor.
Structural Weakness
Built for energy and oil and gas, not ISA-95 manufacturing production workflows. Enterprise-only, closed-source, custom pricing. Almost no independent user reviews on Gartner Peer Insights or G2 for a $170M ARR company. Mid-market multi-site manufacturers ($500M–$2B, 5–10 sites) are not Cognite’s natural market.
When You Hear:
“We looked at Cognite. It has a knowledge graph and industrial AI. Seems like it does what you do.”
What You Say:
The architecture is similar. Both are graph-based industrial data platforms. The domain is different. Cognite was built for oil fields. Their data model is asset-centric, not production-workflow-centric. ISA-95 is not what Cognite was designed around. When your data science team needs to query yield on production order 4471 at line 3 compared to the last 30 similar orders across your five sites, that query requires an ISA-95 native model. Rhize gives you that out of the box. Cognite gives you a graph your team maps to ISA-95 through a custom implementation project.
Their Strength
Most ideologically aligned competitor. Open source (MIT license). ISA-95-compatible via MQTT and Unified Namespace. Proven OSS stack: HiveMQ/Redpanda, TimescaleDB, Grafana. Kubernetes-native. 150+ deployment sites. HiPP, Edeka, Böllhoff are live customers.
Structural Weakness
€5.84M total raised — early for enterprise infrastructure software. MQTT and Unified Namespace first architecture: messaging and historian infrastructure that happens to be ISA-95-compatible, not an ISA-95-native GraphQL-first data hub. Primarily European, German Mittelstand customer base. Limited NA enterprise reference coverage.
When You Hear:
“Why wouldn’t we just use UMH? It’s open source and does Unified Namespace.”
What You Say:
UMH is a strong choice for manufacturers who want open-source data routing and a Unified Namespace. Where Rhize wins is when you need to query that data, not just store it. Rhize’s ISA-95 graph lets you join production orders, quality results, and equipment state in a single GraphQL query across ten plants. UMH routes messages. You would need to build the query layer on top. For manufacturers running AI pilots or compliance reporting, the query layer is not optional. It is the whole product.
Their Strength
No implementation risk. No budget line. No change management project. No vendor to blame if it fails. Current point-to-point integrations, plant-specific historians, and Excel-based reporting have survived this long. Familiar pain is more comfortable than unfamiliar risk.
Structural Weakness
Built for a manufacturing world that no longer exists. Every board has issued an AI mandate. Data scientists spend 80% of time on data cleaning. Cross-plant reporting takes a week and arrives wrong. Compliance audits require manual extraction from three separate systems. AI pilot ROI cannot be demonstrated because data quality is insufficient to prove causality.
When You Hear:
“We’ve been managing without this. We’ll build something internally when we need it.”
What You Say:
Your team can absolutely build it. You will spend 18 months building what Rhize ships on day one: the ISA-95 schema, the GraphQL API layer, the multi-site data federation, the event streaming, the security model. Then you will spend the next three years maintaining it while your team’s actual job is supposed to be building AI models and running operations. Custom data infrastructure is not a competitive advantage. It is a tax. The manufacturers winning the AI productivity race are not the ones who built a custom data layer. They are the ones who bought the standard layer and put their engineers on the problem above it.
8/8 Campaigns Qualify
All standard campaign types evaluated — all qualify based on ICP signal availability and targeting feasibility.
Kirt Anderson is an active LinkedIn content creator posting category-creation content and ISA-95 education. ICP is active on LinkedIn. MESA International, Industrie 4.0, IndustryWeek have direct overlap.
AVEVA PI, Ignition, and Rockwell FactoryTalk have detectable installs via TechSight CLI. AVEVA Flex Credits backlash creates an identifiable, motivated prospect pool.
Smart Factory Lead, Manufacturing IT Director, and OT/IT Integration Engineer hires signal approved budget for the exact problem Rhize solves. 929 active Smart Factory jobs in the US alone (May 2026).
4 confirmed sources covering MLC Awards, Ignition customer library, FDA warning letter database, and IndustrialSage investment tracker. All public, all actionable.
Kirt posts category-creation content on LinkedIn. Geoff writes technical content on Substack (rhize.substack.com) including AI agents in manufacturing and B2MML. Both have confirmed public content cadence.
Manufacturing IT, OT/IT Integration, and Smart Factory hiring is a confirmed real-time buying signal. LinkedIn job posting text for OT/IT roles directly names ISA-95, UNS, OPC-UA as requirements — these companies describe Rhize’s solution in their postings.
TechSight CLI confirmed working on rhize.com (HubSpot, Google Tag Manager detected). ICP companies using Ignition, AVEVA PI, or Rockwell FactoryTalk are all detectable. These stacks are exactly the ones Rhize augments or replaces.
HubSpot (70% confidence) and Google Tag Manager (50% confidence) detected on rhize.com via TechSight. HubSpot includes native visitor identification. Rhize has already invested in the tracking infrastructure.
LinkedIn Influence Profiles to Monitor (Campaign 1)
| Name | Role / Why Monitor |
| Kirt Anderson | Rhize CEO — category creation content, ISA-95 education, platform positioning |
| Geoff Nunan | Rhize CTO — technical ISA-95 thought leadership, Substack author |
| Jeff Winter | Industry 4.0 thought leader, ISA-95 survey author (92.9% adoption stat) |
| Julie Fraser | Tech-Clarity analyst — manufacturing data hub coverage, validated Rhize |
| Todd Boone | MESA board — manufacturing operations management community |
| Jim Cahill | Emerson Process — influential OT practitioner blogger |
| Lance Fountaine | Cargill Smart Manufacturing Leader — direct ICP buyer |
| Anthony Oteka | Stanley Black and Decker VP Industry 4.0 — ICP buyer |
| Jordan Croteau | Moderna Sr. Director — already a customer, ISA-95 practitioner |
| Manufacturing Dive | Trade publication — daily ICP content source |
| IndustryWeek | ICP-reaching publication — VP/Director level audience |
Niche Data Sources (Campaign 4)
| Source | Qualification Rate | Volume | Notes |
| MLC Awards + Member Directory | ~75% | 100–150/cycle | Annual. Enterprise Integration and AI Vision categories. Named winners: Celanese, Whirlpool, Merck, Ford, Flex. |
| Inductive Automation Customer Projects | ~65% | 150–250 total | Filterable at inductiveautomation.com/resources/customerproject. Named accounts: AriZona, Chobani, Cinfa, Lucid Motors. |
| FDA Warning Letters Database | ~80% | 80–120/quarter | Public at fda.gov. 695 warning letters in 2025. Filter: data integrity, CGMP, electronic records violations. |
| IndustrialSage Investment Tracker | ~80% | 30–50/bimonthly | Free CSV after email signup. $1.662T in announced investments. Filter: pharma, food, industrial, $50M+ investment. |
Lead Magnets
15-Question Self-Assessment • Scored Output
Manufacturing AI Readiness Audit
"Find out if your data foundation can support your AI initiative — before your next board update."
ISA-95 Scoring • 6 Dimensions
Manufacturing Data Maturity Scorecard
"See where your factory data stack ranks against world-class across six ISA-95 dimensions."
12-Point Compliance Checklist + Gap Analysis
FSMA 204 Traceability Checklist
"FDA extended to 2028. Walmart didn’t. Here’s what you need by January 2026."
Input-Based Calculator • Personalized Output
The Hidden OEE Gap Calculator
"Manually reported OEE overstates actual performance by 8–12 points on average. Calculate your real gap and what it costs you per year."
Example Emails
Voice rules: no em-dashes, 8th grade reading level, 25 words max body, short sentences, specific proof over generic claims.
Gartner said in February that 60% of AI projects will be cancelled by 2026 because the data under them is not ready.
Manufacturing runs worse than that average.
Wanted you to have that number given what your team is working on.
FDA pushed the FSMA 204 deadline to July 2028.
Walmart and Kroger did not extend their supplier traceability requirements.
If you sell to major retail, you are on two compliance timelines with different consequences.
Schneider Electric moved AVEVA to Flex Credits after the acquisition.
Pricing is now opaque and costs have increased across the customer base.
Manufacturers on that renewal cycle are looking at alternatives. Worth a conversation?
Proof Inventory
Tier 1
Jordan Croteau, Sr. Director Manufacturing & Facilities Systems — Moderna
The only named, attributed customer quote. Lives on rhize.com homepage. Use for biopharma and regulated manufacturing prospects. Jordan is active in ISPE and pharma MES communities.
"Every other data platform is throwing tech at an unknown problem. Rhize starts with the problem. They know the language of manufacturing. And they save us loads of time and resources because we don’t have to build the solution ourselves."
Tier 2
Major Australian Steel Manufacturer — 4 Sites in 4 Months
From IT/OT Insider Podcast. Customer had failed to implement ISA-95 four times over many years. Running an MES first installed in 1985. Rhize deployed new MES across 4 sites in 4 months. Use as: "a major steel manufacturer deployed across 4 sites in 4 months after 4 prior failed MES attempts." Do not name BlueScope in outreach.
Tier 2
Swiss Luxury Watchmaker — "Millions in Savings Per Year"
From IT/OT Insider Podcast. Mass-balance gold traceability across all factories. Result: "millions in savings per year" from reduced material waste. Only hard ROI number in the entire public proof library. Use for discrete and CPG prospects with bill-of-materials complexity.
Tier 2
Tech-Clarity Analyst Validation — Julie Fraser (July 2025)
Independent analyst conclusion: "Companies across discrete, batch, and process industries are using it already to address problems they had previously tried and failed to solve." Ideal ICP identified as "large, multi-site manufacturers (10+ locations) with multiple failed MES implementations." Use as third-party validation.
Top 4 Opportunities
1
No proof infrastructure
Rhize has 569 LinkedIn company followers, zero G2/Capterra/Gartner Peer Insights listings, and no published case study pages as of May 2026. Enterprise manufacturing buyers wait until 65% through their journey before contacting vendors and require documented ROI before signing. One published case study with a named Moderna or BlueScope contact and one quantified outcome closes this gap. One G2 listing with 5 reviews closes the review platform gap. These are 30–60 day efforts.
2
Website does not create urgency
The rhize.com homepage correctly states Rhize’s positioning. It does not create any "I need to act now" tension. The Gartner EDP (60% of AI projects cancelled by 2026), the 95% manufacturing AI pilot failure rate, and the FSMA 204 retailer deadline gap are not present anywhere on the homepage. The hero section is technically accurate but doesn’t compel a senior executive with 60 seconds on the page to do anything. The messaging framework from this playbook should replace or supplement the homepage positioning.
3
Kirt’s LinkedIn content generating awareness without a capture mechanism
Kirt is posting category-creation content on LinkedIn. That content is building awareness among exactly the right ICP. There is no conversion architecture connected to it. No lead magnet, no email capture, no newsletter signup, no next step. All the awareness built by Kirt’s posts is leaking. A single lead magnet (the Manufacturing AI Readiness Audit) with a link in Kirt’s posts and profile would create a conversion funnel from his organic reach. Two-week implementation effort with meaningful pipeline impact.
4
Geoff’s technical credibility is underdeployed in outbound
Geoff’s Substack, IT/OT Insider podcast appearances, and quote library are high-value assets for IT/OT Bridge and Smart Factory Champion personas who do deep diligence before signing $250K contracts. None of this material is being used in cold outreach sequences. His quote "All of our customers have failed at least four or five times with big implementations" is one of the best cold outbound openers in the library because it names the exact pain the ICP has lived through. The Substack articles on ISA-95 and AI agents in manufacturing provide permission-based content sharing opportunities with technical buyers.
Ready to Execute?
Schedule a discovery call with the LeadGrow team to align on Wave 1 priorities, campaign sequencing, and the first 90 days of execution.
Book a Discovery Call →
cal.com/mitchell-keller/discovery-meeting
Playbook assembled May 2026. Research phases 0–6 complete. All data sourced from primary research conducted May 2026. Rhize client brief supplemented by web research across Gartner, IDC, McKinsey, Deloitte, Forrester/Hexagon, BCG, MIT NANDA, Cloudera/HBR, Siemens, MESA, ISA, Tech-Clarity, IT/OT Insider, rhize.com, and 30+ additional sources. Named customer proof verified against public sources. Unconfirmed customer names (BlueScope, Cartier) treated as inferred, not confirmed, throughout.